Cross-Platform verification of Intermediate Scale Quantum Devices

This protocol is used to perform cross-platform verification of quantum simulators and quantum computers. This is used to directly measure the overlap and purities of two quantum states prepared in two different physical platforms and thus used to measure the fidelity of two possibly mixed states. This protocol infers the cross-platform fidelity of two quantum states from statistical correlations between the randomized measurements performed on the two different devices.

Tags: Certification Protocol, Cross-Platform Fidelity, Building Trust, Two devices

Assumptions

• There are no prior assumptions on the quantum states.
• The spin values for the two quantum devices are known.

Outline

The aim here to perform cross-platform verification by measuring the overlap of quantum states produced with two different experimental setups, potentially realized on very different physical platforms, without any prior assumptions on the quantum states themselves. This can be used to whether two quantum devices have prepared the same quantum state. Here, the cross-platform fidelity is inferred from the statistical correlations between randomized measurements performed on the first and second device.

This protocol to measure the cross-platform fidelity of two quantum states requires only classical communication of random unitaries and measurement outcomes between the two platforms, with the experiments possibly taking place at very different points in time and space.

This protocol consists of the following steps:

• We start with two quantum devices which are based on different physical platforms, each consisting of two different spins. Two quantum operations are prepared in these quantum devices, which are each described by a density matrix.
• We find the reduced density matrices for the sub-systems of identical size for each device using partial trace operator over that sub-system.
• We apply a same random unitary is applied to the two quantum states. This random unitary is defined as the product of local random unitaries acting on all spins of the subsystem. Here, the local random unitaries are sampled independently from a unitary 2-design defined on the local Hilbert space and sent via classical communication to both devices.
• Now projective measurements in a computational basis are performed for both the systems.
• Repeating these measurements for the fixed random unitary provides us with the estimates of probability of measurement outcomes for the both the states.
• This entire procedure is then repeated for many different random unitaries.
• Finally we estimate the density matrix from the second order cross-correlations between the two platforms using the ensemble average of probabilities over random unitaries from the above procedure.
• The purities for the two sub systems are obtained as second-order auto-correlations of the probabilities.

Notation

• Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle N_{M}} : Finite number of projective measurements performed per random unitary
• $N_{U}$: Finite number of random unitaries used to infer overlap
• $\epsilon$: Fixed value of statistical error
• Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle S_{1},S_{2}} : Two devices realised on different physical platforms
• Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle N_{1},N_{2}} : Spins consisted in $S_{1}$ and Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle S_{2}} respectively
• Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle U_{1},U_{2}} : Quantum operation prepared in $S_{1}$ and Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle S_{2}} respectively
• Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle \rho _{1},\rho _{2}} : Density matrices of $U_{1}$ and $U_{2}$ respectively
• Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle \rho _{i,A_{i}}} : Reduced density matrices
• $A_{i}$: Sub system of identical size Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle N_{A}} where Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle A_{i}\subseteq S_{i}}
• $N_{A}$: Size of subset $A_{i}$. Subsets $A_{1}$ and Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle A_{2}} have the equal size $N_{A}$
• Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle D_{A}} : Associated Hilbert space dimension, $D_{A}=d^{N_{A}}$
• Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle U_{A}} : Random unitary
• Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle U_{k}} : Local random unitaries acting on spins Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle k=1,..,N_{A}} . Here, the Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle U_{k}} are sampled independently from a unitary 2-design defined on the local Hilbert space Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle C^{d}}
• $k$: Spin
• Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle |s_{A}\rangle } : This denotes a string of possible measurement outcomes for spins. $|s_{A}\rangle =|s_{1},...,S_{N_{A}}\rangle$
• Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle P_{U}^{(i)}} : Estimate of probabilities of measurement outcome for different spins.
• Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle {\overline {P_{U}^{(i)}(s_{A})}}} : The ensemble average over random unitaries of the form Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle U_{A}}
• Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle D[s_{A},s_{A}']} : Hamming distance between two strings $s_{A},s_{A}'$ is defined as the number of spins where Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle s_{k}\neq s_{k}'} i.e. Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle D[s_{A},s_{A}']=|\{k\in \{1,..,N_{A}\}|s_{k}\neq s_{k}'\}|}
• Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle F_{max}(\rho _{1},\rho _{2})} : Cross platform fidelity between two quantum states

Hardware Requirements

• Two quantum devices on two different physical platforms
• Trusted Measurement device.
• Classical communication channel

Properties

• Figure of merit: Cross-platform fidelity of two quantum states
• We can estimate the density matrix overlap of two quantum states here as well as their purities.
• The present protocol scales, although exponentially, much more favorably with the (sub)system size, allowing practical cross-platform verification for (sub)systems involving tens of qubits on state-of-the-art quantum devices.
• This protocol can be used to perform fidelity estimation towards known target theoretical states, as an experiment-theory comparison.
• In practice, from a finite number of projective measurements performed per random unitary (Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle N_{M}} ), a statistical error of the estimated fidelity arises. With that, a finite number ($N_{U}$) of random unitaries used to infer overlap and purities can also cause a statistical error while estimating fidelity. Therefore, the scaling of the total number of experimental runs Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle N_{M}N_{U}} , which are required to reduce this statistical error below a fixed value of $\epsilon$

Protocol Description

Input: Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle S_{1},S_{2}} with spins $N_{1},N_{2}$

Output: Cross platform fidelity Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle F_{max}}

• Prepare Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle U_{1},U_{2}} with density matrices Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle \rho _{1},\rho _{2}} in $S_{1}$ and Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle S_{2}} respectively.
• Denote Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle \rho _{i,A_{i}}} in Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle D_{A}} as Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle tr_{S_{i}/A_{i}}(\rho _{i})} for Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle A_{i}\subseteq S_{i}(i=1,2)}
• For Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle 1,....,N_{u}}
  • For spin $k=1,...,N_{A}$:
    • Sample Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle U_{k}} independently from a unitary 2-design
    • Send Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle U_{k}} classically to $S_{1}$ and Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle S_{2}}
  • For Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle i=1,2} :
    • Apply Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle U_{A}=\bigotimes _{k=1}^{N_{A}}U_{k}} to Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle \rho _{i,A_{i}}} in $S_{i}$
    • For Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle 1,...,N_{M}} :
      • Perform projective measurements in a computational basis in $S_{i}$
      • Obtain $|s_{A}\rangle$
    • Get estimates of probabilities Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle P_{U}^{(i)}(s_{A})=Tr_{A_{i}}[U_{A}\rho _{i,A_{i}}U_{A}^{\dagger }|s_{A}\rangle \langle s_{A}|]}
• Obtain Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle {\overline {P_{U}^{(i)}(s_{A})}}} and Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle {\overline {P_{U}^{(j)}(s_{A})}}}
• Define TrFailed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle [\rho_{i, A_i}, \rho_{j, A_j}] = d^{N_A}\sum_{s_A,s_A'} (-d)^{-D[s_A, s_A']}\overline{P_U^{(i)}(s_A)P_U^{(j)}(s_A')}}
• For density matrix overlap:
  • Substitute Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle i = 1, j = 2} , to get TrFailed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle [\rho_{1, A_1}, \rho_{2, A_2}]}
• For the purities of the quantum states:
  • Substitute Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle i =j = 1} for TrFailed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \rho_{1, A_1}^2}
  • Substitute Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle i =j = 2} for TrFailed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \rho_{2, A_2}^2}
• Calculate Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F_{max}} using: Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F_{max} = \frac{Tr[\rho_{1, A_1}, \rho_{2, A_2}]}{max\{Tr\rho_{1, A_1}^2, Tr\rho_{2, A_2}^2\}}}

Further Information

• In principle, the cross-platform fidelity can be determined from full quantum state tomography of the two quantum devices. However due to the exponential scaling with the (sub)system size, this approach is limited to only a few degrees of freedom, In contrast, as demonstrated below, the present protocol scales, although exponentially, much more favorably with the (sub)system size, allowing practical cross-platform verification for (sub)systems involving tens of qubits on state-of-the-art quantum devices.

Related Papers

• A.Elben et al (2020) arXiv:1909.01282: Cross-Platform Verification of Intermediate Scale Quantum Devices

*contributed by Rhea Parekh