Quantum Digital Signature

Functionality

Digital Signatures (QDS) allow the exchange of classical messages from sender to multiple recipients, with a guarantee that the signature has come from a genuine sender. Additionally, it comes with the properties of (i) transferability i.e. messages with DS can be forwarded from one recipient to another such that DS is verifiable to have come from the original sender, (ii) non-repudiation i.e at any stage after sending the message to one recipient, sender cannot deny having sent the message and corresponding DS, and (iii) unforgeability i.e. a dishonest recipient cannot alter or fake the sender's DS and forward it to other recipients successfully. In contrast, classical digital signatures rely on authentication (taken as an assumption for some QDS protocols) i.e. the message has come from the claimed party; integrity i.e. the message has not been altered (if authentication is confirmed, this property is unforgeability) and non-repudiation (same as QDS).

Tags: Multi Party (three), Quantum Enhanced Classical Functionality, Specific Task, Blind Delegation of Quantum Digital Signature, Arbitrated Quantum Digital Signature, Quantum Proxy Signature, Designated Verifiable Quantum Signature, Limited Delegation of Quantum Signature

Use Case

• Classical task
• Classical analogue: RSA, Post-Quantum Secure analogue: XMSS
• QDS implementation specifications (best achieved) per half bit message (0 or 1):
  • best estimated time: 3.5 secs
  • key length: 2Mbits
  • maximum transmission distance: 200 kms
  • scalability: linear in time, not linear in key length

Protocols

• Gottesman and Chuang Quantum Digital Signature: Quantum Memory Network Stage
• Prepare and Measure Quantum Digital Signature: Prepare and Measure Network Stage
• Measurement Device Independent Quantum Digital Signature (MDI-QDS): Entanglement Distribution Network Stage

Properties

All QDS protocols are divided into two phases, distribution and messaging. Distribution phase enables sender to generate private keys (kept secret with sender) and public keys (information distributed to recipients) while messaging phase enables exchange of messages using the above keys. For simlicity, most protocols use the case of three parties, one sender (Seller) and two recipients (Buyer and Verifier) exchanging one-bit classical messages signed by Quantum Digital Signatures (QDS).

• A QDS scheme is correct if a message signed by a genuine sender is accepted by a recipient with unit probability.
• A QDS scheme is secure if no one but the sender can sign a message such that it is accepted by a recipient with non-negligible probability.
• Transferability means that at any point a recipient (buyer) can prove it to another recipient (verifier) that the concerned message has been signed by the claimed sender (Seller).
• Unforgeability ensures that a dishonest recipient (buyer) can neither alter a DS nor sign a message with a fake DS (DS that has not come from a genuine sender) and forward it to other recipients (verifier) successfully.
• Non-Repudiation implies that at any point a dishonest sender (seller) cannot deny having signed the message sent to a genuine recipient (Buyer).

Further Information

Quantum Digital Signatures provide unconditional security, not relying on any computational assumption which is its basic advantage over the classical schemes. However, over time classical unconditionally secure digital signature schemes have been realized. These classical protocols take some assumptions like trusted omnipotent (one who distributes everyone signatures) thus giving one party extra power, or authenticated message broadcast. QDS does not require any such assumption. Yet, the low key rate could render QDS impractical over classical digital signature schemes. At the same time, there exist post quantum secure Digital signature schemes based on hash-key cryptography which cannot be broken by quantum computers. Still, if someone requires a lifetime security without the above mentioned assumptions, QDS is the answer. Areas to improve QDS could be addressing the key rate and scalability of key length with length of message.

Review Papers

1. AA (2015) Discusses various classical and quantum digital signature schemes
2. Wallden P. (2018) (In preparation): Discusses the development of Quantum Digital Signatures from the first protocol by Gottesman and Chuang, elaborating advancements in further protocols to turn it into a practical QDS scheme.

*contributed by Shraddha Singh