Quantum Money

Functionality Description

Quantum Money is a quantum cryptographic scheme that was first introduced by Wiesner [Wie83] in 1983. Informally, a quantum money is a unique (e.g. has a serial number) and unforgeable (e.g. unclonable) physical object that is created by a third party called Mint (that could be trusted or not trusted). Then, it is circulated among potentially untrusted parties, Holder, who might attempt to forge it for double spending. However a Merchant, upon receiving it, should be able to verify the money has not been forged and originated from Mint. There are various verification schemes based on different types of communication they use and type of key encryption used by Mint see Protocols.

Protocols

Private Key with Quantum Verification

It involves a trusted party called Bank, who shares secrete key with Mint for all distributed money. For verification, Merchant sends quantum money to Bank through a quantum channel. Bank performs local quantum operations depending on the secret key they hold to reject or accept the money.

• Wiesner quantum Money: Quantum Memory Network Stage

Private Key with Classical Verification

It involves a trusted party called Bank, who shares secrete key with Mint for all distributed money. For verification, Merchant performs local quantum operations on the money and sends classical data to Bank who accepts or rejects based on the secret key they holds.

• Quantum Coin: Quantum Memory Network Stage
• Unforgeable Quantum Token: Quantum Memory Network Stage

Public Key with Classical Verification

• Prepare and Measure Quantum Digital Signature: Prepare and Measure Network Stage
• Measurement Device Independent Quantum Digital Signature (MDI-QDS): Entanglement Distribution Network Stage
• Quantum Digital Signature with Quantum Memory: Quantum Memory Network Stage

Properties

reusable correctness Transferability Unforgeability verifiability Security Authenticity

*contributed by Mashid Delavar