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Quantum Money is a quantum cryptographic scheme that was first introduced by Wiesner [Wie83] in 1983. Informally, a quantum coin is a unique object that is created by a Trusted Third Party (TTP). Then, it is circulated among untrusted clients (Transferability property). Each client should be able to verify it and confirm that it is authentic if it has been circulated according to the prescribed rules. On the other hand, an adversary must fail in counterfeiting it with overwhelmingly high probability (Unforgeability property).
Quantum Money is a quantum cryptographic scheme that was first introduced by Wiesner [Wie83] in 1983. Informally, a quantum money is a unique (e.g. has a serial number) and unforgeable (e.g. unclonable) physical object that is created by a third party called Mint (that could be trusted or not trusted). Then, it is circulated among potentially untrusted parties, Holder, who might attempt to forge it for double spending. However a Merchant, upon receiving it, should be able to verify the money has not been forged and originated from Mint. There are various verification schemes based on different types of communication they use and type of key encryption used by Mint see Protocols.
The quantum money schemes can be classified in two categories: Public Quantum Money and Private Quantum Money.


== Outline ==
== Protocols ==


Assume a TTP (eg. a bank), a verifier (eg. a merchant) and a prover (eg. a client) are involved in a quantum money scheme. Also, assume there is only one circulating quantum coin. They follow the following procedure:</br>
=== Private Key with Quantum Verification ===
* '''Preparation''': TTP prepares n qubits for each quantum coin with a serial number S. It stores the classical information about the qubits corresponding to S in a database and handover the quantum coin to a prover.
 
* '''Interaction''': In this step, the prover wants to transfer the quantum coin to a verifier. So, the authenticity of the quantum coin shall be verified by the verifier. To this end, the verifier sends a challenge to the prover and gets the serial number $SN$ of the quantum coin and the prepared qubits for it. 
It involves a trusted party called Bank, who shares secrete key with Mint for all distributed money. For verification, Merchant sends quantum money to Bank through a quantum channel. Bank performs local quantum operations depending on the secret key they hold to reject or accept the money.  
* '''Transaction''': The verifier accepts the coin if the received qubits corresponds to the stored information in the database regarding the serial number and classical information of the quantum coin. If the verifier can do the verification process by his own, the quantum money scheme is called public quantum money. Otherwise, if he needs to communicate with the TTP to verify the quantum coin, the scheme is called private quantum money.
 
*[[Wiesner quantum Money]]: [[:Category: Quantum Memory Network Stage|Quantum Memory Network Stage]]
 
 
=== Private Key with Classical Verification ===
 
 
=== Public Key with Quantum Verification ===
 
 
=== Public Key with Classical Verification ===
 
 
*[[Prepare and Measure Quantum Digital Signature]]: [[:Category: Prepare and Measure Network Stage|Prepare and Measure Network Stage]]
*[[Measurement Device Independent Quantum Digital Signature (MDI-QDS)]]: [[:Category:Entanglement Distribution Network stage|Entanglement Distribution Network Stage]]
*[[Quantum Digital Signature with Quantum Memory]]: [[:Category: Quantum Memory Network Stage|Quantum Memory Network Stage]]
 
 
== Properties ==
 
reusable
correctness
Transferability
Unforgeability
verifiability
Security
Authenticity


<div style='text-align: right;'>''*contributed by Mashid Delavar''</div>
<div style='text-align: right;'>''*contributed by Mashid Delavar''</div>

Revision as of 10:41, 25 April 2019

Functionality Description

Quantum Money is a quantum cryptographic scheme that was first introduced by Wiesner [Wie83] in 1983. Informally, a quantum money is a unique (e.g. has a serial number) and unforgeable (e.g. unclonable) physical object that is created by a third party called Mint (that could be trusted or not trusted). Then, it is circulated among potentially untrusted parties, Holder, who might attempt to forge it for double spending. However a Merchant, upon receiving it, should be able to verify the money has not been forged and originated from Mint. There are various verification schemes based on different types of communication they use and type of key encryption used by Mint see Protocols.

Protocols

Private Key with Quantum Verification

It involves a trusted party called Bank, who shares secrete key with Mint for all distributed money. For verification, Merchant sends quantum money to Bank through a quantum channel. Bank performs local quantum operations depending on the secret key they hold to reject or accept the money.


Private Key with Classical Verification

Public Key with Quantum Verification

Public Key with Classical Verification


Properties

reusable correctness Transferability Unforgeability verifiability Security Authenticity

*contributed by Mashid Delavar
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